Written evidence - Dr Claire Wardle, Shorenstein Centre on Media, Politics and Public Policy: "Definitions
Language and terminology matters, and for that reason the term ‘fake news’ should not be used to discuss this phenomenon. When describing the complexity of information disorder, it is woefully inadequate. Neither the words ‘fake’ nor ‘news’ effectively capture this polluted information ecosystem. Much of the content used as examples in debates on this topic are not fake, they are genuine but used out of context or manipulated.[2] Similarly, to understand the entire ecosystem of polluted information, we need to consider far more than content that mimics ‘news’.
Online formats that should be considered as part of this conversation include:
Websites created to deliberately spread disinformation;
Inaccurate posts on public social media, forums and message boards (Facebook, Twitter, Reddit, 4Chan, Gab etc.);
Inaccurate information shared on closed messaging apps such as WhatsApp, Facebook, Messenger, Telegram or Discord;
Visual posts on social media sites (Instagram, YouTube, Pinterest) and closed messaging apps (including inaccurate photographs, videos, memes, and data visualisations that have been manipulated or fabricated);
Inaccurate information published via so-called ‘dark posts’ on social networks that micro-target updates to certain users;[3]
Text, image and video results on search platforms (e.g. Google, Bing, YouTube)
Inaccurate comments or content published on consumer review sites (e.g. Amazon, TripAdvisor)
Manufactured signatures on online petitions (e.g. Change.org)
Offline events created online, for example the creation of Facebook ‘Events’ pages" 'via Blog this'
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